Delving deep into the mechanics of lens design, optics legend warren j. Oslo is a powerful optical design program with the scope. The design of double gauss systems using digital computers, m. The right principal plane of this double gauss lens can be found by. Optical lenses have many important applications, from telescopes and spectacles, to microscopes and lasers. In lens design with large computers, proceedings of the conference, institute of optics, government superintendent, rochester, new york.
Plasmat with a capital p is better thought of as a meyer trade name than as a design type. Jengdang juang and mingwen chang design of double gauss. This is traditionally called a double gauss because back around 1817 carl gauss himself did a 3element telescope objective and in 1888 alvin clark put 2 of them back to back to make a camera lens. The method of lens design the achromatic doublet the airspaced triplet triplet modifications petzval lenses double gauss and near symmetric types telephoto lenses inverted telephoto lens verywideangle lenses eyepieces microscope objectives inwater lenses afocal optical systems relay lenses catadioptric and mirror optical systems periscope.
Continuing to focus on fundamental methods and procedures of lens design, this revision by r. This book holds a unique place in the optics literature. Each of these parts is fully parameterized, and many of them include variants with different combinations of input parameters so they can be conveniently modified to fit an optical design. The invention of low dispersion, high index glass, antireflective coatings, and computational lens design provided for a breakthrough in the lens design of the double gauss lens.
Students are expected to develop an understanding of lens design fundamentals and to comprehend in detail how classical lenses work, from the landscape lens to the double gauss lens. Just like a telescope, photographic objective, or any other optical device, ophthalmic lenses are designed to maximize performance. Walter mandler 19222005 designed many double gauss lenses for leica cameras. Their particular features as well as behavior of radiating systems incorporating the lenses are investigated. One selection from modern lens design, 2nd edition book. By analyzing the system mtf curve, it is straightforward to determine which combination will yield sufficient performance. The double gauss form has many local minima and this design is stuck in a very short version of the normal double gauss design. Optical design of ophthalmic lenses introduction we tend to prescribe ophthalmic lenses as though any lens with the right back vertex power will do. Although zemax is easy to use, optical system design is a very broad area of engineering. Conrady in applied optics and optical design and rudolph kingslake in lens design. Each step is analyzed in simple terms, mainly by considering the contributions to the petzvalsum correction by means of bending, spacing, and index difference, and by evaluating some. The basic lens design forms are in here, and we can take a deep look into the development of lens design. Barry johnson, in lens design fundamentals second edition, 2010. Basically a double gauss design consistes of a gauss lens group at the front and one at the rear of the lens.
Elliptic and hyperbolic dielectric lens antennas in mmwaves. Gaussian beam optics optical specifications material properties optical coatings. Lens design fundamentals, second edition, is the most comprehensive treatise to be published on the subject of lens design. Although i have taken a great deal of effort to assure accuracy, the user of any of. Optimization of the doublegauss objective with the various evolution strategies and the damped least squares optimization of the doublegauss objective with the various evolution strategies and the damped least squares. The blue solid lines are the ray trajectory through the lens or the equivalent prism abc.
The pictures in braczkos book are wrongly captioned here so all is not clear but. Oslo optics software for layout and optimization is a powerful optical design program with the scope needed to meet todays optical design requirements. These days you can start a new design from a gazillion double gauss design patents or just enter some design data that give a drawing that looks like a double gauss and then computer optimize. By examining the examples of relatively simple lens designs, it is actually easier to dissect why the lens designs are the way they are. Pdf optimization of the doublegauss objective with the. But all of these software packages share one critical flaw. Several lens design software packages are available to students so that they become. Keywords dielectric lens antennas, elliptic, hyperbolic. The process of designing lenses is both an art and a science. The process for designing lenses is often considered both an art and a science. The book begins with an outline of the general process before delving into aberrations, basic lens design forms, and optimization. In other countries, please contact your local mcgraw hill of. They employed company proprietary optical design and analysis software which was resident on large and expensive mainframes.
Walter mandlers summicron designed for the leica is the pinnacle of the double gauss in my opinion. First and foremost, a piece of glass that is flat on both sides is not a lens it is a window. Feb 05, 2010 im not sure, but i think that by gaussian lens design you mean the configuration initially used by the zeiss planar. You can find the design files and a little explanation the page for prime lenses. For instance, a 25mm fixed focal length lens and a 25mm double gauss lens can be compared by evaluating the resulting system performance of both lenses with a sony monochrome camera. A procedure for the design of basic double gauss lenses has been developed that uses fifthorder. Flair users manual, institute of optics, university. Lens design crc press book there is no shortage of lens optimization software on the market to deal with todays complex optical systems for all sorts of custom and standardized applications. The design procedure described is based on the work of walter mandler.
Optical design has a long and storied history, from the magnifiers of antiquity, to the telescopes of galileo and newton at the onset of modern science, to the ubiquity of modern advanced optics. But the not all the lens designs are simple lenses, we will look at newer and important lens design forms as well. Double gauss super angulon photographic lenses distagon tele system wide angle fisheye. This concise, introductory book provides an overview of the subtle art of lens design. The types of optical systems in a lens designers toolbox. September 5, 2014 25 double gauss designs posted for the first posting to this site, ive chosen doublegauss designs, posted to the photographic primes page.
There were many lens designers that attempted to improve coma of the double gauss design over the years, some by adding more cemented surfaces to the negative lenses with a triplet and creating a strong curvature of the cemented surface warmischam, usp 2760, some by making the first lens a cemented lens and breaking the symmetry berek. The double gauss lens consists of two backtoback gauss lenses making two positive meniscus lenses on the outside with two negative meniscus lenses inside them. This presentation is a brief introduction to the double gauss photographic lens. He never published a book or scientific papers of his lens design process and. Milton laikin draws on his varied and extensive experience, ranging from innovative cinematographic and specialeffects. Milton laikins book, lens design, gives insight into the engineering problems of each lens design type and practical solutions that are expensive to discover independently. Optical engineers working in lens design will find this book an invaluable guide to lens design in traditional and emerging areas of application, it is also suited to advanced undergraduate or graduate course in lens design principles and as a self. While advancements in the field over the past two centuries have.
Im not sure, but i think that by gaussian lens design you mean the configuration initially used by the zeiss planar. The double gauss lens is a compound lens used mostly in camera lenses that reduces optical aberrations over a large focal plane. Smith modern lens design waynant, ediger electrooptics handbook wyatt electrooptical system design to order, or to receiy e additional information on these or any other mcgraw hill titles, please call 8 5 1 8 2 2 8 0 0 8 1 in the united states. It is supplied in pdf format and is found in zemax by clicking on. Zebase 6 is a collection of over 600 sequential optical designs in opticstudio format on cd. Smith reveals timetested methods for designing topquality lenses. Lenses with wider apertures usually require 7 elements or even 8 elements the extra elements added to control aberrations and astigmatism. It proceeds from a rough model directly to a solution. September 14, 2016 19 fisheye lenses posted today i posted 19 lens files for fisheye lenses. Basic optical engineering for engineers and scientists spie. The double gauss became the preferred normal lens design in the 1950s with the availability of antireflection coating and new generation extra high refractive index rare earth optical glasses. This book provides the skills and knowledge to move into the exciting world of contemporary lens design and develop practical lenses needed for the great variety of 21 stcentury applications. A design example of a doublegauss lens is constructed using methods.
These zemax models are all based on patent literature. Lens design used to be a skill reserved for a few professionals. While advancements in the field over the past two centuries have done much to transform it from the former category to the latter, much of the lens design process remains encapsulated in the experience and knowledge of industry veterans. A procedure for the design of basic double gauss lenses has been developed that uses fifthorder interpolating aberrations in the framework of a dampedleastsquares program. The design can be further modified with an extra element or two, but the double gauss basis is still there. Third order aberrations lens parameters relationship and optimization results are discussed. The objectimage relationship of a lens system is often described with respect to its. Lens design was more conceptual in the early days of lens design since computational lens design had not been developed.
The double gauss lens consists of two backtoback gauss lenses a design with a positive meniscus lens on the object side and a negative meniscus lens on the image side making two positive meniscus lenses on the outside with two negative meniscus lenses inside them. A complete breakdown of the double gauss lens design and the sonnar lens. It covers the fundamental, optical theory, and the practical methods and tools employed in lens design, in a succinct and accessible manner. This is an ultimate guide of lens design forms, the optical systems that are used in our world. Dec 04, 2012 this presentation is a brief introduction to the double gauss photographic lens. Abstract instead of following the historical path of its development, the modern double gauss lens in its many forms is synthesized from the ground up. Design of doublegauss objective by using concentric lenses. The double gauss lens is a compound lens used in camera lenses that reduces optical aberrations over a large focal plane.
F focal point of the lens or it is the focal length relative of point o. Sep 01, 2017 the double gauss form has many local minima and this design is stuck in a very short version of the normal double gauss design. Modern lens design, 2nd edition book oreilly media. A classic design has 6 elements which is usually sufficient for an aperture f2. In addition to classical lens design features, it combines advanced ray tracing, analysis, and optimization methods with a highspeed macro language to solve a wide variety of new problems.
Before we can begin to design a lens for an application we must understand what a lens does and a little bit about how the lens is made. Optical system classification summer term 2012 herbert gross 1. In this chapter we discuss the petzval sum, the concept of stress and relaxation in lens design, and those classical lenses. Designing a doublegauss lens, the hard way slideshare. Design of basic double gauss lenses spie digital library. The opic type double gauss design with optical ray traces. Modeling software for ray tracing in optically large systems. The equivalent prism for the double convex lens at the given beam height h. How to tell gauss type design nikon slr lens talk forum. Ray tracing and aberration theory was invented during this period. The double gauss lens consists of two backtoback gauss lenses a design with a positive meniscus lens on the object side and a negative meniscus lens on the image. Our first interaction with optics is usually the introduction of snells law. Dec 19, 2006 continuing the bestselling tradition of the authors previous books, lens design, fourth edition is still the most complete and reliable guide for detailed design information and procedures for a wide range of optical systems. Double gauss petzval lens telephoto lenses retrofocus and wideangle lenses refractive versus reflective systems.
Conrady in applied optics and optical design and rudolph kingslake in lens design fundamentals, first edition. Design of basic double gauss lenses, walter mandler spie proc. The double gauss lens is a compound lens used mostly in camera lenses that reduces optical. The ray optics module includes a library of essential geometry parts, including mirrors, lenses, prisms, and aperture stops. It adds impressive building blocks to the foundation established by a. An introduction to practical laboratory optics aimed at laboratory workers and students taking laboratory courses in experimental optics, this book introduces readers to optical instruments and their uses. Aug 18, 2011 the design can be further modified with an extra element or two, but the double gauss basis is still there. These days you can start a new design from a gazillion doublegauss design patents or just enter some design data that give a drawing that looks like a doublegauss and then computer optimize. Field guide to lens design 2012 bentley publications. The symmetry of the system and the splitting of the optical power into many elements reduces the optical aberrations within the. Double gauss ii celor compact special plastic aspheric ii ir camera lens catadioptric uv lens.
Lens design is, therefore, a strong component of a wellrounded education in optics, and a skill valued by industries employing optical engineers. The one at the rear is reversed, so the two gauss lens groups are facing opposite directions. Today, with readily available commercial design software and powerful personal and portable computers, lens design tools are. Click on document introduction to lens design with practical zemax examples pdf. Introduction to lens design with practical zemax examples pdf. Unlike the first edition, which was more a collection of lens designs for use in larger projects, the 2nd edition of modern lens design is an optical howto. Barry johnson of a classic modernizes symbology and. The equivalent prism for the doubleconvex lens at the given beam height h. The initial approximations for achromatic doublets of the. Much better performance will result if the design is coaxed or forced out of this minimum, mostly by having a shorter central airspace and a longer back focus due to a stronger back meniscus lens. Coating lenses with up to a dozen or more different layers of chemicals to suppress reflections across the visual spectrum instead of at only one. Designs are reevaluated using modern optimisation routines with special attention to glass replacement. Proceedings volume 0237, 1980 international lens design conference. Therefore, we need to start the design of a doublegausstype lens with a focal length of 50 mm as illustrated in figure 1.
Search the worlds most comprehensive index of fulltext books. Specific features of these lenses are discussed for both, nearfield and farfield based on simulation and measurement results. Anonymous, asahi pentax spotmatic ii operating manual. Minimizing pupil aberration is one of the optical design goals.
In the late 1950s, altman and kingslake developed such a 100mm focallength double gauss lens, shown in figure. The simple thin lens theory of the telephoto lens shows that the negative lens will be as weak as possible if it is situated midway between the positive lens and the focal plane. Lenses made for closeup work magnification not higher than 1. The concentric lenses symmetrical about the stop constitute the first order double gauss. The winner of the standard lens on a photographic camera. Gauss double gauss flattening the field by thick use of a thick meniscus lens recall the protar alternate solution using the technique of doubling a lens astigmatism by stop location spherical aberration by meniscus bending, thickness use of the symmetry principle first use of buried surfaces aberrations are not quite. The mathematician gauss once suggested that a telescope objective could be made with two meniscusshaped elements, the advantage being that such a system would be free from spherochromatism. Synthesis of the double gauss, jan hoogland, spie proc. In the cinema world the cooke speed panchro and angenieux stype lenses are planar derivatives. Utilizing a double gauss optical design, this lens produces a high degree of sharpness and wellcorrected image quality for notable clarity throughout the aperture range.
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